1、PostgreSQL数据库
PostgreSQL是一种特性非常齐全的自由软件的对象-关系型数据库管理系统(ORDBMS),是以加州大学计算机系开发的POSTGRES,4.2版本为基础的对象关系型数据库管理系统。POSTGRES的许多领先概念只是在比较迟的时候才出现在商业网站数据库中。PostgreSQL支持大部分的SQL标准并且提供了很多其他现代特性,如复杂查询、外键、触发器、视图、事务完整性、多版本并发控制等。同样,PostgreSQL也可以用许多方法扩展,例如通过增加新的数据类型、函数、操作符、聚集函数、索引方法、过程语言等。另外,因为许可证的灵活,任何人都可以以任何目的免费使用、修改和分发PostgreSQL。
2、安装Pony和psycopg2
psycopg2是Python语言的PostgreSQL数据库接口,是对Psycopg 1.1.x版本进行的几乎完全的改写。主要优势在于完全支持Python DB API 2.0,以及安全的多线程支持。它适用于随时创建、销毁大量游标的、和产生大量并发INSERT、UPDATE操作的多线程数据库应用。Psycopg包内含 ZPsycopgDA,一个Zope数据库接口。
1)使用pip安装Pony
pip install pony
2)安装psycopg2
pip install psycopg2
3、Pony PostgreSQL常用操作
使用Pony ORM操作PostgreSQL进行数据增加、删除、修改和查询,示例代码如下,
from decimal import Decimal from pony.orm import * db = Database() db.bind('postgres', user='root', password='admin', host='localhost', database='db', port='5432') class Customer(db.Entity): id = PrimaryKey(int, auto=True) name = Required(str) email = Required(str, unique=True) orders = Set("OrderInfo") class OrderInfo(db.Entity): id = PrimaryKey(int, auto=True) total_price = Required(Decimal) customer = Required(Customer) items = Set("OrderItem") class Product(db.Entity): id = PrimaryKey(int, auto=True) name = Required(str) price = Required(Decimal) items = Set("OrderItem") class OrderItem(db.Entity): quantity = Required(int, default=1) order = Required(OrderInfo) product = Required(Product) PrimaryKey(order, product) sql_debug(True) db.generate_mapping(create_tables=True) @db_session def populate_database(): c1 = Customer(name='John Smith', email='john@example.com') c2 = Customer(name='Matthew Reed', email='matthew@example.com') c3 = Customer(name='Chuan Qin', email='chuanqin@example.com') c4 = Customer(name='Rebecca Lawson', email='rebecca@example.com') c5 = Customer(name='Oliver Blakey', email='oliver@example.com') p1 = Product(name='Kindle Fire HD', price=Decimal('284.00')) p2 = Product(name='Apple iPad with Retina Display', price=Decimal('478.50')) p3 = Product(name='SanDisk Cruzer 16 GB USB Flash Drive', price=Decimal('9.99')) p4 = Product(name='Kingston DataTraveler 16GB USB 2.0', price=Decimal('9.98')) p5 = Product(name='Samsung 840 Series 120GB SATA III SSD', price=Decimal('98.95')) p6 = Product(name='Crucial m4 256GB SSD SATA 6Gb/s', price=Decimal('188.67')) o1 = OrderInfo(customer=c1, total_price=Decimal('292.00')) OrderItem(order=o1, product=p1) OrderItem(order=o1, product=p4, quantity=2) o2 = OrderInfo(customer=c1, total_price=Decimal('478.50')) OrderItem(order=o2, product=p2) o3 = OrderInfo(customer=c2, total_price=Decimal('680.50')) OrderItem(order=o3, product=p2) OrderItem(order=o3, product=p4, quantity=2) OrderItem(order=o3, product=p6) o4 = OrderInfo(customer=c3, total_price=Decimal('99.80')) OrderItem(order=o4, product=p4, quantity=10) o5 = OrderInfo(customer=c4, total_price=Decimal('722.00')) OrderItem(order=o5, product=p1) OrderItem(order=o5, product=p2) commit() populate_database() #查询 @db_session def query(): print(select(p for p in Product if p.id==3)[:]) #多条数据会报错:pony.orm.core.MultipleObjectsFoundError: Multiple objects were found. Use Customer.select(...) to retrieve them #通过pk获取 print(Product[1].name) print(Customer.get(id=1).name) print(Customer.select(lambda c: c.id==1)[:][0].name) y = 1 print(Product.select_by_sql("SELECT * FROM Product WHERE id=$(y*2)")[0].name) @db_session def update(): c1 = Customer.get(id=1) c1.name="john" p1 = select(p for p in Product if p.id==3)[:][0] p1.name="cjavapy" c2 = Customer.get(id=2) #更新多个字段 #c.name="cjavapy" #c.email="cjavapy@gmail.com" c2.set(name="cjavapy",email="cjavapy@gmail.com") @db_session def delete(): p = Product[1] p.delete() # 或者: #delete(p for p in Product if p.id >=5) # 或: #使用bulk=True参数是一条delete语句批量删除,否则是先select满足条件数据,然后每次删除一个 Product.select(lambda p: p.id >=5).delete(bulk=True) query() update() delete()